它，被称为“土与火的艺术，力与美的结晶”；它，凝聚了古代先民最朴素的审美情趣和爱好，是远古先民生活的真实写照；它的发明，更是人类社会进入新石器时代的重要标志之一，它，是中国陶。
陶的出现，不仅提高了人类的生存本领和生活质量，还使得人类在与自然的抗争中掌握更多主动权，人与自然， 不再是一边倒的碾压局。
说起陶，我国有四大著名陶产区，分别是宜兴紫砂陶、云南建水紫陶、广西钦州坭兴陶、重庆荣昌陶，其中宜兴紫砂陶最负盛名，堪称陶中之首，并直接奠定了宜兴“陶都”之美誉。
It is called "the art of earth and fire, the crystallization of power and beauty"; it condenses the most simple aesthetic taste and hobbies of ancient ancestors, and is a true portrayal of the life of ancient ancestors; One of the important symbols of entering the Neolithic Age, it is Chinese pottery.
The emergence of Tao not only improves the survival ability and quality of life of human beings, but also enables human beings to take more initiative in the struggle against nature. Humans and nature are no longer in a one-sided situation.
Speaking of pottery, there are four famous pottery producing areas in my country, namely Yixing Zisha pottery, Yunnan Jianshui purple pottery, Guangxi Qinzhou Nixing pottery, and Chongqing Rongchang pottery. Yixing Zisha pottery is the most famous and can be called the first among pottery. And directly established the reputation of Yixing "Pottery Capital".
宜兴是中国最早的陶器发源地之一，出土的陶器可追溯至7300年前，包括了罐、釜、盆、钵等。
田野考古表明，在七千多年前的新石器时代中期，宜兴的先民就开始从事陶器制作。春秋战国时期，出现了原始青瓷和印纹硬陶。汉代，宜兴已成为江南制陶中心，大量烧造高温釉陶；三国两晋时期，宜兴大规模生产青瓷，并成为南方青瓷的主要产地之一；宋代，宜兴弃瓷兴陶，紫砂陶走进历史舞台；明清时期，宜兴的丁蜀地区以生产宜兴均釉陶器和紫砂陶而蜚声中外。
目前，宜兴丁蜀镇周边有新石器时代遗址5处、两汉至六朝窑址6处，隋唐五代窑址9处，宋、元乃至明、清窑址80余处，可谓是身家丰厚。悠久的制陶历史和灿烂的陶瓷文化，成就了中国陶瓷史上的第九大窑系，也是目前唯一的陶窑系——宜兴窑系。“家家捶泥声、户户制陶忙”仍是当今宜兴陶业的真实写照。
Yixing is one of the earliest birthplaces of pottery in China. The unearthed pottery can be traced back to 7,300 years ago, including pots, kettles, basins, bowls, etc.
Field archaeology shows that the ancestors of Yixing began to make pottery in the middle of the Neolithic Age more than 7,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, primitive celadon and imprinted hard pottery appeared. In the Han Dynasty, Yixing became the center of pottery in the south of the Yangtze River, firing a large number of high-temperature glazed pottery; during the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties, Yixing produced celadon on a large scale and became one of the main producing areas of southern celadon; in the Song Dynasty, Yixing abandoned porcelain and promoted pottery, and purple sand pottery entered the stage of history During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Dingshu area of Yixing was famous both at home and abroad for the production of Yixing uniform glazed pottery and purple sand pottery.
At present, there are 5 Neolithic sites around Dingshu Town in Yixing, 6 kiln sites from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, 9 kiln sites in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, and more than 80 kiln sites in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The long history of pottery making and splendid ceramic culture have created the ninth largest kiln system in the history of Chinese ceramics, and it is also the only one at present - the Yixing Kiln System. "The sound of every family beating mud, and every household busy making pottery" is still a true portrayal of Yixing's pottery industry today.
此外，数千年的灿烂陶史，也让宜兴诞生了另一种瑰宝——龙窑。据清《重刊荆溪县志》载：明清时期，宜兴之古龙窑遗址，主要分布于丁山青龙山南北麓、川埠、宝山寺、蜀山、汤渡、西瓦窑、潜洛、上袁、均山东、任墅石灰山等一带。大小龙窑多达五十余座，不少窑场烧造紫砂器皿。
时至今日，宜兴还有一座始建于明代的前墅龙窑，千年窑火生生不息，延烧至今，前墅龙窑可以说是中国古代陶文化当之无愧的“活标本”。
In addition, the splendid pottery history of thousands of years has also given birth to another treasure in Yixing - the dragon kiln. According to the "Republished Jingxi County Chronicles" of the Qing Dynasty: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ancient dragon kiln sites in Yixing were mainly distributed in the north and south foothills of Qinglong Mountain in Dingshan, Chuanbu, Baoshan Temple, Shushan, Tangdu, Xiwayao, Qianluo, and Shangyuan. , Shandong, Renshu Lime Mountain and other areas. There are more than 50 dragon kilns, large and small, and many kilns make purple clay vessels.
Today, there is also a Qianshu Dragon Kiln in Yixing, which was built in the Ming Dynasty. The thousand-year-old kiln has been continuously fired and has been fired to this day. Qianshu Dragon Kiln can be said to be a well-deserved "living specimen" of ancient Chinese pottery culture.
——陆建华摄说起前墅龙窑，还一个有意思的传说：
相传古时候，太湖里有一条乌龙，负责耕云播雨。后因太湖百姓不敬天神，玉帝为了惩罚示威，便下旨不施雨水。连日干旱，导致田地干涸，颗粒无收，民不聊生。乌龙巡视途中，心生恻隐，便抗旨吸水播雨。
乌龙抗旨一事被玉帝得知，便派遣天兵天将乌龙乱枪戳死。乌龙尸骸落至宜兴丁蜀一座小山坡上，头朝下，尾朝上。当地百姓为感激乌龙救命之恩，便自发挑土掩埋乌龙尸骸。多年后，埋葬乌龙的土堆上出现了许多洞口，里面成了空空的倾斜隧道。后来，有人尝试在龙肚中烧制陶器，成陶率和品相都非常不错，于是后人便以此为形仿建出龙窑，龙嘴是烧窑点火的地方，龙身上的大伤口作“户口”，小伤口就是“鳞眼洞”。从此，龙窑流行开来。
Speaking of Qianshu Dragon Kiln, there is an interesting legend:
According to legend, in ancient times, there was an oolong in Taihu Lake, responsible for plowing clouds and sowing rain. Later, because the people in Taihu Lake disrespected the gods, the Jade Emperor ordered no rain in order to punish the demonstration. Days of drought have caused the fields to dry up, the crops to fail, and the people to live in dire straits. On the way of Oolong's inspection tour, he felt compassionate, so he resisted the order to absorb water and sow rain.
When the Jade Emperor learned about Oolong's resistance, he sent heavenly soldiers to shoot Oolong to death. The body of the oolong landed on a hillside in Dingshu, Yixing, with its head down and its tail up. In order to thank Oolong for saving his life, the local people spontaneously picked up soil to bury Oolong's body. Many years later, many holes appeared on the mound where Oolong was buried, and the inside became an empty inclined tunnel. Later, some people tried to burn pottery in the dragon's belly, and the pottery rate and appearance were very good, so later generations built dragon kilns based on this. The dragon's mouth is the place where the kiln is fired. As a "hukou", small wounds are "scale eye holes". Since then, dragon kiln has become popular.
传说归传说，但是前墅龙窑是真真切切的明朝古窑。它位于宜兴丁蜀镇三洞桥村，是江苏省乃至全国都极罕见的仍然可以烧造的明代“活龙窑”。
2006年5月，前墅龙窑被列为“全国重点文物保护单位”。
2013年，龙窑烧制技艺被列为无锡市非物质文化遗产。
前墅龙窑利用自然山坡建造，由窑头、窑身和窑尾三部分构成，头北尾南，通长43.4米，窑身外壁宽约3米，内壁底部宽约2.3米，高约1.55米。窑身左右投柴孔（俗称鳞眼洞）42对。西侧设装窑用壶口（窑门）5个。燃料主要为煤、松、竹枝等。
其采用传统柴烧技艺，主要烧制日用粗陶产品，每窑可入陶坯约7000余件。烧窑过程主要包括装窑、烧窑、开窑等环节。据悉，烧制紫砂壶时，紫泥、缎泥、本山绿泥产品，通常在龙窑中部烧成；红泥产品，在龙窑尾部烧成，俗称“映红”。
Legends belong to legends, but the Qianshu Dragon Kiln is a real Ming Dynasty ancient kiln. It is located in Sandongqiao Village, Dingshu Town, Yixing. It is an extremely rare Ming Dynasty "living dragon kiln" that can still be fired in Jiangsu Province and even in the whole country.
In May 2006, Qianshu Dragon Kiln was listed as a "National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit".
In 2013, the firing technique of dragon kiln was listed as the intangible cultural heritage of Wuxi City.
The Qianshu dragon kiln is built on a natural hillside, and consists of three parts: the kiln head, the kiln body and the kiln tail. The head is north and the tail is south, with a total length of 43.4 meters. . There are 42 pairs of firewood holes (commonly known as scale eye holes) on the left and right sides of the kiln body. There are 5 pot mouths (kiln doors) for kiln installation on the west side. The fuel is mainly coal, pine, bamboo branches and so on.
It adopts traditional firewood firing techniques, mainly firing daily-use rough pottery products, and each kiln can put more than 7,000 pieces of pottery blanks into it. The kiln firing process mainly includes kiln installation, kiln firing, kiln opening and other links. It is reported that when firing purple sand pots, purple clay, satin clay and Benshan green clay products are usually fired in the middle of the dragon kiln; red clay products are fired in the tail of the dragon kiln, commonly known as "Yinghong".
前墅龙窑——装窑
Qianshu Dragon Kiln——Kiln Installation
前墅龙窑装窑有一道重要的准备工作，俗称“丁套”。即采用大件套小件的装烧方法，充分利用龙窑室内空间，提高入窑的陶坯数量；并且此过程会用泥条将坯件隔开架稳，使罐内外的窑温保持一致，确保坯件在烧制过程中不会发生形变。
There is an important preparatory work for Qianshu dragon kiln installation, commonly known as "Dingtao". That is, the method of loading and firing large pieces with small pieces is adopted to make full use of the interior space of the dragon kiln and increase the number of pottery blanks entering the kiln; and in this process, the blanks are separated and stabilized with mud strips to keep the kiln temperature inside and outside the tank consistent. , to ensure that the blank will not be deformed during the firing process.
紫砂壶装坯，会先在匣钵底部撒上一层石英砂，然后内置一个较小的粗陶钵，粗陶钵上覆以垫片并撒上石英砂，紫砂壶就摆放在上面。此外，紫砂壶口沿处也需撒上石英砂，防止烧制过程中壶盖与壶身粘连。紫砂壶摆放好后，还要将泥条捏制成块排布在匣钵口沿处，其上倒扣一匣钵（确保内外温差不大）。
小科普：石英砂坚硬、耐磨，熔点1750℃，而龙窑温度在1200度左右，能够起到防护作用。
Generally speaking, both large-scale pottery and purple clay pots are fired in pairs, and there are differences in the placement of the two.
To fill the teapot, a layer of quartz sand is sprinkled on the bottom of the sagger, and then a smaller stoneware bowl is built in. The stoneware bowl is covered with gaskets and sprinkled with quartz sand, and the teapot is placed on top of it. In addition, quartz sand should also be sprinkled along the mouth of the purple sand pot to prevent the lid from sticking to the body during firing. After the purple sand pot is placed, the mud strips should be kneaded into pieces and arranged on the edge of the sagger, and a sagger should be buckled upside down (to ensure that the temperature difference between the inside and outside is not large).
Small science: Quartz sand is hard and wear-resistant, with a melting point of 1750°C, while the temperature of the dragon kiln is around 1200°C, which can play a protective role.
To load large utensils, first lay a layer of quartz sand on the bottom of the sagger to prevent the utensils from sticking to the bottom of the sagger, then put the utensils into the sagger, and finally knead the mud strips into blocks, and arrange them evenly along the mouth of the sagger. Cloth, and then buckle a sagger on top of it to form one vessel and two saggers.
前墅龙窑——烧窑
Qianshu Dragon Kiln——Firing Kiln
烧窑大致分为预热、升温与冷却三个阶段，首先在燃烧室内使用煤块预热窑体，祛除窑内与坯件中的湿气。预热通常持续时间约16小时，之后烧窑师傅会掘开第一对投柴孔的封泥，投放松枝与竹枝，之后就依次打开投柴孔，不断投放柴火。
Kiln firing is roughly divided into three stages: preheating, heating and cooling. First, coal is used to preheat the kiln body in the combustion chamber to remove the moisture in the kiln and the blank. Preheating usually lasts for about 16 hours. After that, the kiln master will dig out the sealing mud of the first pair of firewood holes, throw in loose sticks and bamboo branches, and then open the firewood holes one by one to continuously put in firewood.
第一对投柴孔靠近燃烧室，烧成温度较高，所以要同时打开第二对投柴孔观测火焰与坯件的颜色，之后以此类推，直至最后一对投柴孔，达到温度平稳上升的目的，最终窑内温度会维持在1200度左右。
龙窑烧窑，遵循缓烧勤看的原则，不分昼夜，窑工轮流值班，确保温度平稳。从点火到熄火，全凭师傅的经验和眼力来判断窑内温度与烧成情况，通过观察火焰颜色来判断温度区间，并根据坯体烧制情况及时调整火候。假如火候过高，产品容易烧坏变形；火候过低，器物釉面结晶度不够，产品质量欠佳。
前墅龙窑传统烧制技艺是陶文化的传承和历史的见证，目前宜兴丁蜀镇十分注重保护古龙窑，每年都会对前墅龙窑进行保护性烧制，使其有序传承，保存住先辈留给我们的珍贵文化。
The first pair of firewood injection holes is close to the combustion chamber, and the firing temperature is relatively high, so the second pair of firewood injection holes should be opened at the same time to observe the color of the flame and the blank, and so on until the last pair of firewood injection holes reaches a stable temperature For the purpose of rising, the final temperature in the kiln will be maintained at about 1200 degrees.
Long kiln firing follows the principle of slow burning and frequent inspection. Kiln workers take turns on duty regardless of day and night to ensure a stable temperature. From ignition to extinguishment, the temperature and firing conditions in the kiln are judged entirely by the experience and eyesight of the master, the temperature range is judged by observing the color of the flame, and the fire is adjusted in time according to the firing conditions of the green body. If the heat is too high, the product will easily burn out and deform; if the heat is too low, the crystallinity of the glaze surface of the utensils will not be enough, and the product quality will be poor.
The traditional firing technique of Qianshu Dragon Kiln is the inheritance of pottery culture and the witness of history. At present, Dingshu Town of Yixing pays great attention to the protection of ancient dragon kiln. The precious culture left to us by our ancestors.
关于龙窑结构小科普：
龙窑整体与地面呈30度左右的斜坡，燃烧室位于窑头，承担进柴、点火与送风的功能。窑室是装烧坯件的空间，窑室底部通常铺垫砂层，起到保护窑底、垫平与固定垫底窑具的作用 。
窑尾主要由挡火墙与排烟孔等排烟设施构成，后期的龙窑还增加了投柴孔与窑门等结构。窑工通过增加或减少入窑的空气量，使窑内维持半缺氧状态，形成还原焰，温度可达1200余度。随着龙窑构造的改良与烧造技术的进步，龙窑所烧造的产品也由印纹硬陶、原始瓷发展为青瓷、黑瓷、白瓷、紫砂器等。
A little science about the structure of the dragon kiln:
The whole dragon kiln and the ground have a slope of about 30 degrees. The combustion chamber is located at the head of the kiln, which is responsible for the functions of feeding firewood, igniting and supplying air. The kiln chamber is the space for loading and firing blanks. The bottom of the kiln chamber is usually paved with a sand layer to protect the kiln bottom, level and fix the bottom kiln furniture.
The kiln tail is mainly composed of smoke exhaust facilities such as fire-retaining walls and smoke exhaust holes. Later dragon kilns also added structures such as firewood feeding holes and kiln doors. Kiln workers increase or decrease the amount of air entering the kiln to maintain a semi-anoxic state in the kiln, forming a reducing flame, and the temperature can reach more than 1200 degrees. With the improvement of the structure of the dragon kiln and the advancement of firing technology, the products fired by the dragon kiln have also developed from imprinted hard pottery and primitive porcelain to celadon, black porcelain, white porcelain, purple sand ware, etc.
据明代学者周高起《阳羡茗壶系》记载：“壶成幽之，以候极燥。乃以陶瓮庋五六器，封闭不隙，始鲜欠裂、射釉之患。过火则老，老不美观；欠火则稚，稚沙土气。”意为紫砂制作完成先晾坯，在半成品完全干燥，才放入匣钵，烧成过程中会受火不均，产生爆裂或出现火疵、色差，或受其它釉陶溅射沾釉之患；火老，火嫩，对产品发色都不利，火候掌握一定要恰到好处，这表明当时对紫砂烧成中烧成温度变化规律，已有所了解和掌握。
前墅龙窑，经年累月的烧制，龙窑窑身内壁布满厚厚的如油脂一般的窑蜡，触感较硬，表面凹凸不平，极具光泽。
According to the Ming Dynasty scholar Zhou Gaoqi's "Yangxian Tea Pot System", it is recorded: "The pot is made into a secluded place, waiting for extreme dryness. It is made of pottery urns for five or six vessels. It is sealed without gaps, and there is no risk of cracking or glaze. If it is too hot, it will grow old. , old and unattractive; lack of fire means immature, immature sand and rustic.” It means that the purple sand is first aired out, and the semi-finished product is completely dry before being put into the sagger. During the firing process, the fire will be uneven, resulting in burst or fire. flaws, color difference, or other glaze pottery sputtering and staining; the fire is old and tender, which is not good for the color of the product, and the fire must be controlled just right. understood and mastered.
Qianshu dragon kiln, after years of firing, the inner wall of the dragon kiln body is covered with thick kiln wax like grease, which is hard to the touch, and the surface is uneven and extremely shiny.
土与火的艺术，力与美的结晶，延烧千年的前墅龙窑，是一座探索不完的宝藏，一代代烧窑人，前赴后继的传承和守护。
直到今天，前墅龙窑依旧会定期开窑烧制陶器，江湖依然流传有它的传说：“龙窑出品，必属精品”。
The art of earth and fire, the crystallization of power and beauty, the Qianshu Dragon Kiln, which has been burning for thousands of years, is a treasure that can never be explored. Generations of kiln burners have passed on and protected it.
To this day, the Qianshu Dragon Kiln still regularly opens the kiln to fire pottery, and there is still a legend about it in the rivers and lakes: "The products produced by the Dragon Kiln must be high-quality goods."
The art of earth and fire, the crystallization of power and beauty, the Qianshu Dragon Kiln, which has been burning for thousands of years, is a treasure that can never be explored. Generations of kiln burners have passed on and protected it.
To this day, the Qianshu Dragon Kiln still regularly opens the kiln to fire pottery, and there is still a legend about it in the rivers and lakes: "The products produced by the Dragon Kiln must be high-quality goods."
其他古窑简介
Introduction to other ancient kilns
——清代镇窑
清代镇窑（简称“镇窑”）为我国传统窑炉中独具风格的瓷窑。窑房是木构架建筑。窑炉位置约占窑房四分之一的面积，除去窑炉所占空间，其余约为两层结构。底层为装匣、开窑之用。二层柴楼主要用来贮备松柴。整座窑炉棚顶，与无梁殿内顶部相似，属砖砌成的拱形结构顶棚，高大的烟囱用单砖砌成，其砌筑技巧令人叹服。它的烧成室型呈一头大一头小的长椭圆形，进窑门处宽而高，靠近烟囱则逐渐狭窄矮小，故有“鸭蛋形窑”之称。
——Zhen Kiln in Qing Dynasty
Zhen kiln (referred to as "zhen kiln") in the Qing Dynasty is a unique porcelain kiln among traditional kilns in my country. The kiln house is a wooden frame building. The location of the kiln occupies about a quarter of the area of the kiln house. Excluding the space occupied by the kiln, the rest is about a two-story structure. The bottom layer is used for boxing and kiln opening. The two-story firewood building is mainly used to store pine firewood. The roof of the entire kiln is similar to the roof of the beamless hall, which is an arched roof made of bricks. The tall chimney is made of single bricks, and its masonry skills are amazing. Its firing chamber is oblong in shape with one end large and the other end small. The entrance to the kiln is wide and high, and it becomes narrower and shorter near the chimney, so it is called "duck egg-shaped kiln".
——葫芦窑
葫芦窑，古人说其“窑形似卧地葫芦，前大后小”。葫芦窑为景德镇特有的瓷窑，最早出现于元末明初，直到清初出现了蛋形窑（镇窑）后才逐渐停止使用。明代宋应星的《天工开物》对景德镇的葫芦窑有专门的文字记载，并配有插图。明代葫芦窑兼备了宋元时期龙窑和馒头窑的优点，烧成技艺有了长足的进步，对整个明代景德镇制瓷业发展和清代镇窑的形成做出了杰出的贡献。
——Gourd Kiln
Gourd kiln, the ancients said that "the shape of the kiln is like a gourd lying on the ground, with a big front and a small back". The gourd kiln is a unique porcelain kiln in Jingdezhen. It first appeared in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. It was not until the egg-shaped kiln (zhen kiln) appeared in the early Qing that it gradually ceased to be used. "Tiangong Kaiwu" written by Song Yingxing in the Ming Dynasty has a special written record of the gourd kiln in Jingdezhen, and it is accompanied by illustrations. The gourd kiln in the Ming Dynasty combined the advantages of the dragon kiln and steamed bun kiln in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and its firing technology made great progress, making outstanding contributions to the development of the porcelain industry in Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty and the formation of the town kiln in the Qing Dynasty.
——圆窑
圆窑又称馒头窑，为宋元明时期的典型瓷窑，以窑形近似馒头而得名。有的圆窑窑床的平面呈马蹄形，故又称马蹄形窑。圆窑属半倒焰式窑炉，火焰自火膛喷向窑顶，再倒向窑床，烟气从排烟口、竖烟道、经烟囱排出窑外，烧成温度可高达一千三百度。
——Round kiln
The round kiln, also known as the steamed bun kiln, is a typical porcelain kiln in the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. It is named after the shape of the kiln resembles a steamed bun. The plane of some round kiln kiln beds is horseshoe-shaped, so it is also called horseshoe-shaped kiln. The round kiln is a semi-down-flame kiln. The flame is sprayed from the fire chamber to the kiln roof and then to the kiln bed. The smoke is discharged from the smoke exhaust port, the vertical flue, and the chimney to the outside of the kiln. The firing temperature can be as high as 1300. Baidu.